Sustainable Retirement: A Look At Consumer Desires

This paper examines the findings of the research project, 'Retirement Savings: Drivers and Desires', commissioned by the Investment and Financial Services Association Ltd (IFSA) in 2001. The paper investigates retirement savings decision-making and retirement income product stream choice. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of questionnaire data relating to decision-making and product stream choice and discusses these issues in the context of established research findings about retirement income. The paper consists of five sections. The first is a brief review of the 'Drivers and Desires' research project conducted in 2001. An important theme to emerge from the initial project was that participants reported a high level of risk aversion and a strong desire to obtain the publicly funded age pension. Based on the findings of the initial project, the remaining sections of this paper focuses on consumer preferences, particularly relating to risk aversion and demand for the age pension. The second section focuses on a specific issue emanating from the initial project, specifically the market for annuities. The third section considers retirement income streams in terms of risks to investors. The fourth section carries out a quantitative analysis of consumer preferences toward the identified risks in previous sections, and specifically considers various trade-offs in the decision-making process. The fifth section outlines various policy alternatives and issues for future consideration.

ECO 330: Sports Economics OER Curation

This OER curation is an annotated bibliography of prospective OER for the GVSU course ECO 330: Sports Economics, assembled by request from the instructor

Producer attitudes toward adjustment of milk production in the Kansas city milkshed

The research was carried out under Department of Agricultural Economics project 330, Milk Supply Response--P. [2].Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references

Optimising the spatial pattern of landscape revegetation

The spatial pattern of landscape reconstruction makes a substantial difference to environmental outcomes. We develop a spatially explicit bio-economic model that optimises the reconstruction of a heavily cleared landscape through revegetation. The model determines the spatial priorities for revegetation that minimises economic costs subject to achieving particular improvements in habitat for 29 woodland-dependent bird species. The study focuses on the Avoca catchment (330 thousand ha) in North-Central Victoria. Our model incorporates spatial pattern and heterogeneity of existing and reconstructed vegetation types. The revegetation priorities are identified as being: sites in the vicinity of existing remnants, riparian areas, and parts of the landscape with diverse land uses and vegetation types. Optimal reconstruction design is affected by opportunity costs due to the loss of agricultural production and the costs of revegetation. 1 Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 2 Department of Primary Industries, Rutherglen, RMB 1145 Chiltern Valley Rd, Rutherglen, Victoria, 3685 3 North Central Catchment Management Authority, PO Box 18, Huntly, Victoria, 3551landscape reconstruction, biodiversity, optimisation, habitat, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q57,

Documentation for Economics 210 and 330

For my internship project for the M.S. degree in Economics, I propose to teach the courses Economics 210 and Economics 330 at Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, during the Winter Quarter, 1992. As it is necessary for Dr. Peter Iwomi, Acting Chairperson for the Department of Economics, to be away from the campus during the first four weeks of the quarter, I have been hired to teach those two Economics courses in his absence. Upon Dr. Iwomi\u27s return, I shall continue teaching the Economics 210, Microeconomics course, but will assist with the Economics 330, Intermediate Microeconomics course, as necessary

Prioritising investment to enhance biodiversity in an agricultural landscape

The removal, alteration and fragmentation of habitat are key threats to the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Investment to protect biodiversity assets (e.g. restoration of native vegetation) in dominantly agricultural landscapes usually results in a loss of agricultural production. This can be a significant cost that is often overlooked or poorly addressed in analyses to prioritise such investments. Accounting for this trade-off is important for more successful, realistically feasible and cost-effective biodiversity conservation. We developed a spatially explicit bio-economic optimisation model that simulates the effect of conservation effort on the diversity of woodland-dependent birds in the Avoca catchment (330 thousand ha) in North-Central Victoria. The model minimises opportunity cost of agricultural production and cost of biodiversity conservation effort on a catchment level subject to achieving different levels of biodiversity outcome. We identify the locations and spatial arrangement of conservation efforts that offers the best value for money.Environmental Economics and Policy,

Economic Integration, EU-US Trade Conflicts and WTO Dispute Settlement

Since its inception in 1995, more than 330 disputes have been raised under the WTO Dispute Settlement System. The major players in world trade - the EU and the USA - are also the busiest users of this instrument. After looking at links between economic integration and WTO involvement and a survey of the actual transatlantic WTO trade disputes, the welfare implications of the four most prominent trade disputes between the EU and the USA ("mini trade wars") are analyzed with GTAP5: the Hormones, the Bananas, the FSC and the Steel cases. The economic analysis reveals that the level of suspension of concessions hardly coincides with the level of nullification or impairment (expressed in lost trade effects) if one considers the overall welfare implications of retaliation with tariffs. The idea of "rebalancing" retaliation is a myth. Tariffs are a very bad instrument of retaliation. Maybe a mechanism of direct transfers or financial compensation would be better.law, European law, GATT, international agreements, economic integration, globalization, international trade, model simulations, trade policy, international relations, WTO, economics, law

TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION-FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING

Biofuel production through fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising conversion route in the production of biofuels compatible with existing technology. The bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis is a versatile feedstock that can be used as a heating oil or upgraded to a transportation hydrocarbon biofuel. Comparative study of a one-step, fast pyrolysis only pathway and a two-step torrefaction-fast pyrolysis pathway was carried out to evaluate the effect of torrefcation on (i) the minimum selling price of biofuel and (ii) the potential life cycle GHG emissions of the biofuel production pathway. To produce bio-oil which can serve as a substitute for heating oil from loblolly pine biomass feedstock, torrefaction at three different temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated while fast pyrolysis occurred at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were also investigated. Economic assessment showed more favorable economics for the two-step bio-oil production pathway relative to the one-step bio-oil production pathway. The lowest minimum selling price of $1.04/gal was obtained for a two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C. The environmental impact assessment also showed more the two-step bio-oil production pathway to be more environmentally friendly. The lowest GWP of about -60g CO2eq was observed for the two-step pathway at torrefaction temperature of 330°C while GWP of about 36g CO2eq was observed for the one-step pathway. Relative to heavy fuel oil, the one-step and two-step pathways are more environmentally friendly with lower GWP. To produce hydrocarbon biofuel by the catalytic upgrade of bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of loblolly pine, three torrefaction temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated with fast pyrolysis taking place at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were investigated. The effect of heat integration was also examined. The economic assessment showed equal minimum selling price for the one-step hydrocarbon biofuel production pathway and a two-step pathway with torrefaction occurring at 290°C. A minimum selling price of$4.82/gal was estimated while higher torrefaction temperatures showed less favorable economics. The environmental impact assessment however showed the two-step pathway to be more environmentally friendly when compared with the one-step pathway. GWP of about -66g CO2eq was observed for the two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C compared to a GWP of about 88g CO2eq obtained for the one-step. Further reduction in minimum selling price and GWP were observed with heat integration. A minimum selling price of about $4.01/gal was estimated for the one-step and two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 290°C while GWP of about -144 g CO2eq was observed for the two-step hydrocarbon biofuel with torrefaction temperature of 330°C

Disposition of precipitation: Supply and Demand for Water Use by New Tree Plantations

As the greatest rainwater users among all vegetative land covers, tree plantations have been employed strategically to mitigate salinity and water-logging problems. However, large-scale commercial tree plantations in high rainfall areas reduce fresh water inflows to river systems supporting downstream communities, agricultural industries and wetland environmental assets. A bio-economic model was used to estimate economic demand for water by future upstream plantations in a sub-catchment (the 2.8 million ha Macquarie valley in NSW) of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Given four tree-product values, impacts were simulated under two settings: without and with the requirement that permanent water entitlements be purchased from downstream entitlement holders before establishing a tree plantation. Without this requirement, gains in economic surplus from expanding tree plantations exceeded economic losses by downstream irrigators, and stock and domestic water users, but resulted in reductions of up to 154 GL (gigalitres) in annual flows to wetland environments. With this requirement, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus, added to downstream gains, could total $330 million while preserving environmental flows. Extending downstream water markets to new upstream tree plantations, to equilibrate marginal values across water uses, helps ensure water entitlements are not diminished without compensation. Outcomes include better economic-efficiency, social-equity and environmental-sustainability.Environmental Economics and Policy, forest, environmental services, catchment, water sources, interception, entitlement, supply, demand, market, economic surplus, evapo-transpiration, urban water, irrigation, wetlands.,

Application of Bradford’s Law of Scattering to the Economics Literature During 2011-2020

The study has been conducted 330 journal articles contributions with a total of 9527 citations contributed by 763 authors published in volume 78, no. 309 to volume 87, no. 348 of the source Journal,  Economica between 2011 to 2020. An analysis of the different forms of literature, subject-wise distribution, ranking of top 24 cited journals, and the application of Bradford’s law in Economics literature has been made. Results indicate that major forms of literature are journal 6173 (64.795%), followed by Books 2097 (22.011%) and Working Papers 569 (5.972%). Economica has published an average of 33 articles per volume. The average number of citations appeared at 238.175 citations in each issue. ‘American Economic Review’, published from the USA, tops the list with a tally of 481 (7.792%) citations, ‘Journal of Political Economy’ with 399 (6.464%) citations, published from USA and followed by ‘Economic Journal’ with 335 (5.427%) citations from the UK as the third position. Economics literature is not fit well Bradford’s Law. Leimkuhler model is also applied to verify Bradford’s law of scattering in the field of Economics.https://dorl.net/dor/ 20.1001.1.20088302.2022.20.1.27.